Menachos 90 - Cycle 14
Summary
- Today's שיעור on מנחות דף צ׳ explains that the כלי שרת used for מדידות in the בית המקדש were generally overfilled, with an exception in the case of the כהן גדול’s measure for the חביתי כהן גדול. The סוגיא distinguishes between liquid and dry measures, whether what overflowed is קודש or חול, and why the difference depends on how the כלי was sanctified and on whether the overflow is visibly connected to what was inside. It then turns to מותר נסכים, the rules of נסכים for different קרבנות, and the פסוקים that limit which offerings require נסכים and which do not.
- The משנה teaches that all the measurements in the מקדש were גדושות, meaning overfilled, except for the measure used by the כהן גדול for the חביתי כהן גדול. The שיעור distinguishes between גודש, which means heaped above the rim, and ברוצין, which means overflowing to the sides, and explains that the משנה and גמרא discuss different laws for these two cases.
- The גמרא states that by מדת הלח, what overflows is קודש, while by מדת היבש, what overflows is חול. רבי עקיבא says that by מדת הלח the כלי itself is קודש, so what overflows from it is also קודש, but by מדת היבש the כלי is חול, so the overflow remains חול. רבי יוסי says the difference is not the sanctity of the כלי but the fact that liquid is visibly poured from inside the כלי while dry matter is not visibly transferred in the same way.
- The סוגיא explains that according to one approach, כלי שרת מקדשין שלא מדעת, so once liquid enters the כלי it becomes sanctified even without explicit intent. רבינא says כלי שרת אין מקדשין אלא מדעת, and the overflow of liquid is nevertheless treated as קודש because of a גזירה שמא יאמרו מוציאין מכלי שרת לחול. The discussion then turns to the question of why the לחם הפנים can remain on the שולחן beyond the normal time, and the answer is that what happens in the בית המקדש is not subject to the same public misunderstanding.
- The משנה in שקלים is brought to explain מותר נסכים, and two explanations are given. רבי חייא בר יוסף says it means the overflow from the מידות, while רבי יוחנן says it refers to a contract for flour whose market price later changes, because הקדש keeps the advantage and is treated better than a הדיוט. The ברייתות support both readings, and the leftover money or supplies are used for קיץ המזבח, with the עולה brought from them and the flesh for Hashem and the עורות for the כהנים.
- The משנה states that all קרבנות הציבור and קרבנות היחיד require נסכים except בכור, מעשר, פסח, חטאת, and אשם, though חטאת מצורע and אשם מצורע are exceptions and do require נסכים. The ברייתא derives this from the פסוקים, teaching that only קרבנות that are יכולות לבוא בנדר ונדבה require נסכים, while obligatory offerings like בכור, מעשר, and פסח do not. It also excludes עולת העוף, because only מן הבקר ומן הצאן require נסכים according to רבי יאשיה, while רבי יונתן derives that עוף is not included in זבח because it is not slaughtered by שחיטה.
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