• Machlokes whether an animal is a tereifah if a small amount of the liver remains

The Mishnah taught that if ניטל הכבד ולא נשתייר הימנו כלום – the liver was removed and nothing remains from it, the animal is a טריפה. This implies that if any does remain, even less than a כזית, it is kosher. This contradicts a Mishnah on Daf 54a, which states that it is kosher if a כזית of the liver remains!? Rav Yosef answers that this reflects a machlokes: Rebbe Chiya זריק לה – would throw away [an animal’s liver], and did not consider it healthful, because he considered it a less vital (and thus less nutritious) organ. Therefore, he holds that an animal can survive with even less than a כזית of the liver. In contrast, Rebbe Shimon bar Rebbe מטביל בה – would dip it and eat it, considering it a more vital (and thus more nutritious) organ. Therefore, he requires a כזית of the liver to remain. A siman to remember their positions is עשירין מקמצין – the wealthy are thrifty (i.e., Rebbe Shimon bar Rebbe, who was wealthy, would not discard the liver). Amoraim argue if this remaining כזית of the liver must be במקום מרה – at the place where the liver is attached to the gallbladder, or במקום שהיא חיה – in the place where it lives (i.e., where it is attached under the kidney). Therefore, Rav Pappa requires a כזית in both locations.

• Examining ריאה דאוושא – a lung which makes a hissing noise

The Mishnah taught that הריאה שניקבה – a lung which is punctured makes the animal a טריפה. The Gemara says that if only the outer membrane is punctured, תתאה מגין – the lower membrane protects the lung and the animal is kosher, because Rabbah said that even a lung found without any outer membrane is kosher. If only the inner membrane is punctured, Rav Acha and Ravina argue if the outer membrane can protect the lung, and the halachah is that it does protect the lung. This is based on Rav Yosef’s ruling about ריאה דאוושא – a lung which makes a hissing noise. If the source of the noise is known, we place on it a feather, spittle, or straw. אי מבצבצא – if it bubbles, it is a טריפה (because air is escaping), and if not, it is kosher. If the source of the noise is unknown, we bring a basin of lukewarm water, ונפחינא לה – and we inflate [the lung]. If it bubbles, it is a טריפה (because the outer membrane must also be punctured), but if not, it is kosher, because only the inner membrane is punctured, and not the outer membrane.

• ריאה שיבשה מקצתה

Rava said: ריאה שיבשה מקצתה – a lung which dried up partially is a טריפה. Rav Pappa quoted him defining this as כדי שתפרך בצפורן – so that it crumbles when pressed with a fingernail. The Gemara asks if this definition only follows one Tanna’s opinion, because in a Baraisa defining what is considered “dried up” regarding the ear of a bechor, the Tanna Kamma says: שאם תינקב ואינה מוציאה טיפת דם – that when [the ear is] pierced, it does not emit a drop of blood, but Rebbe Yose ben Meshulam says it has dried to the point that it crumbles when pressed with a fingernail. Apparently, Rava’s ruling follows this latter opinion. The Gemara answers that the Rabbonon may agree with Rava. Regarding the ear of a bechor, דקא שליט ביה זיקא – where the air impacts it, לא הדרא בריא – it will not return to health, and a lesser degree of drying is considered “dried out.” In contrast, the lung, which is not exposed to the air, can return to health, and is not considered “dried out” unless it is dry to the point of crumbling under a fingernail.