- Akud and Ragul
The Mishnah stated that camels may not go out akud, (bound) or ragul (hobbled) which prevents them from running away.
- Rav Yehuda follows the Tanna that says that akud means the binding of hand and foot in the same way that Yitzchok was tied by Avraham.
- One Baraisa states that it is either tying up the two frontlegs or hindlegs together. A second Baraisa includes both definitions.
Ragul means bending the lower foreleg onto its upper foreleg and tying it there.
Since these chains cause pain to the animal, they are considered a burden to the animal and the animal would be considered carrying.
- Kilayim with camel ropes
The Mishnah stated that a man may gather the ropes together of camels to pull them, provided he does not wrap the ropes around his hand. Rav Ashi explained that the concern of wrapping around the hands was one of kilayim.
The Gemara suggests that the Mishna cannot be concerned about the kilayim of the ropes, if one was made of wool and another was made of linen, since it was taught in a Mishnah that one connection, (תכיפה אחת) between wool and linen is not considered a combination (חיבור). Even one knot therefore, is not considered kilayim[w1] .
The Gemara clarifies that in fact the Mishna’s concern according to Rav Ashi, was the kilayim of ropes, and when the Mishna stated “provided that he does not wrap the ropes around his hand” it meant provided that he does not make two knots.
- The cow of Rebbe Elazar ben Azaryah
The Mishnah stated that a cow may not go out on Shabbos with a strap between its horns, like the cow of Rebbe Elazar ben Azaryah. The Gemara clarifies that the cow referred to actually belonged to a female neighbor of Rebbe Elazar ben Azaryah, but was identified by his name since he should have protested and told her not to let it go out, since it’s considered carrying a burden.
The Gemara then brings a number of teachings stating that those who do not protest against people they can have influence on, are punished for those people’s transgressions.